Pamela Klassen Student # 6852497

Blog 3

More Profit with Less Carbon

There have been some bad decisions over the past decades over humanity’s demand for energy resulting in global warming and the climate change problem. However, many new technologies are advancing replacing the nonrenewable resources that add harmful gases to our atmosphere. The greenhouse effect can easily be reduced and in fact, it is cheaper to fix than to ignore. Many companies are already taking a great leap forward with great increases in their efficiency rates for energy. Using more energy efficient resources has shown great improvements from replacing coal to oil, to lower carbon natural gas, and finally to renewable resources such as wind and solar power. Wind power has shown the greatest improvements so far and is constantly expanding. Denmark is already getting a fifth of its electricity power from wind energy and other countries are contributing in this technology as well. Today much of the carbon released into our atmosphere from the use of nonrenewable resources have been replaced with climate safe hydrogen. Only one third of the atoms released in our atmosphere from energy use are carbon resulting in less pollution. Apart from saving the atmosphere, using less energy has cut down in costs for many smart companies with an estimated savings of over $70 billion per year. Other benefits include eliminating all the social and political costs of getting and burning petroleum, which will decrease military conflict because petroleum will no longer be worth fighting over.

Some people may not realize about the benefits of saving energy and are stuck in the old ways of technology that are not so environmentally friendly. But educating humanity about the environment can help us learn the positive effects of converting to energy efficient technology. Every little bit of saving energy counts. Car companies have lowered the amount of energy used by simply building lighter cars and sustainable buildings have shown decreases in energy use by insulating more. This lowers energy use by lowering the amount of needed heating and air conditioning. This also lowers the costs for building because it eliminates the need to build as much heating and air conditioning technologies. More money is saved and therefore can be used to build more environmentally friendly technologies.

Reinventing the Energy System

We have come a long way since electricity was invented and it is now commonly taken for granted. Many people rely on the energy for transportation, air conditioning, television, etc. But today we face the danger of running out of the cheap nonrenewable energy sources. Environmental and health burdens fight that we need to head toward a cleaner energy system. Burning fossil fuels is the main cause for air pollution, and water and land degradation. Carbon left in the atmosphere from these fossil fuels has been found partially responsible for some lung cancers and respiratory problems and it is the global environmental effects that really boost the economy towards new safer energy systems. The world economy is constantly looking for new energy sources. An energy source that is socially, economically, and environmentally friendly. Coal, oil, and natural gas are already starting to be replaced by renewable energy sources. Moving away from fossil fuels brings us back to older technologies such as energy from windmills. The high amount of carbon in our atmosphere will be replaced by hydrogen, benign to our environment.

Today the increasing production of automobiles, electronics, software, etc. increases the need for energy dramatically. As more countries are developing the need for a more decentralized energy system is also required. A more decentralized, renewable-resource-based energy system will likely have a better chance of spreading energy services more broadly. More rural employment may be provided with the development of clean and advanced energy services helping out the poorer countries of the world. As more people become aware of the positive effects of a newer and safer energy system, the sooner we can build towards a more sustainable energy system. A new energy system that will meet our energy needs and benefit our natural world.

Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis

Human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and new agriculture technologies are releasing greenhouse gases into our atmosphere that are contributing to the global climate change. Carbon dioxide the main greenhouse gas mainly released from the burning of fossil fuels has increased faster than ever reaching a global atmospheric concentration of about 379 ppm in 2005. Mainly resulting from agriculture the methane’s atmospheric concentration has reached 1774 ppb which, far exceeds the natural concentration of methane in our atmosphere. Nitrous Oxide has also increased mainly due to agriculture, but has remained relatively constant since 1980.

From 1995-2006, these years has been ranked as having the warmest average temperature ever in the records of global surface temperature. Observations of the effects from climate change include increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level. The warmer air can hold more water vapour and therefore the atmospheric water vapour content has increased. More than 80% of the warmer heat added from climate change gets absorbed into the ocean, contributing to sea level rise. The melting of glaciers and snow cover also contributes to sea level rise. Other changes that have been observed include increase in Arctic temperatures, widespread changes in precipitation, extreme wind patterns, heat waves, and intensity of tropical waves. The effects of climate change may vary depending on the location on Earth. For example, observations has shown an increase in precipitation in eastern parts of North and South America and decreases in precipitation near the Mediterranean and southern Africa.

Continued greenhouse gas emissions would continue to show an increasing amount of the aforementioned effects. Even if we began to stabilize the amount of greenhouse gases released into our atmosphere the remaining carbon dioxide in our atmosphere would continue to show effects for centuries. Therefore it will be a slow change into reversing the climate change problem.

Principles of Conservation

At first the meaning conservation came from protecting the forests and land destruction. It now involves all natural resources and beyond. There are three main principles of conservation supporting the use of foresight, prudence, thrift, and intelligence when dealing with public matters. Conservation is using the greatest good to the greatest number for the longest time. 

The first principle of conservation involves development. It involves the use of the now existing natural resources existing on Earth for the benefit of the people who live here now. There is only a limited amount of nonrenewable natural resources and we need to only use the amount we need so it can be used for the benefit for future generations as well. The second principle involves for the prevention of waste. As the society realizes more about of the consequences of our waste on Earth and how it is polluting our environment, we are taking more control of our waste and using more caution of where waste is dumped. It is a matter of good business to control waste and it is becoming more possible just like it became possible to control forest fires. The third principle ties in between the last two. It is that the natural resources must be developed and preserved for the benefit of many and not just a few societies. From more developed to less developed countries the use of resources is unequal. We need to become more decentralized and the use of resources should benefit the world as a whole. As we educate society we are becoming more and more aware of the values of the Earth’s natural resources and the importance of it being conserved.

A Sand County Almanac

Aldo Leopold describes how he thought of the Earth’s land and how his view had changed after seeing the eyes of a dying wolf. The wolf had a whole other side of meaning than just a mean creature that kills all the deer. The wolf had a purpose, a purpose to control the population of the deer before the deer could harm the mountain it lives upon. If there were no wolves then the deer would take control of all the bush and soon there would be no more bush on the mountain and there would be nothing left for the deer to eat. The deer would soon starve themselves. Before he thought that less wolves meant more deer and afterwards he learned that we are better off having the wolves. Leopold believes that much of humanity’s outlook of the Earth is similar to what his view was before he saw the dying wolf. We take for granted of the land and what lays within and we love our gadgets. He mentions that there is no ethic that deals with man’s relation to land, plants, and animals. It is an ethic that we need to develop, one that gives an outlook of the Earth and the life within as a whole. An ethic would protect the integrity, stability, and beauty of the Earth and give the land value.

Reflection

Over the last decades technologies has greatly advanced and with it the world’s energy footprint has increased dramatically. Energy is a source of power and the world continues to destruct its landscape to gain it. In China for example, the building of the Three Gorges Damn caused destruction of thirteen full sized cities and relocated 1.2-2 million people. The people themselves were the ones taking apart their homes and cities with dynamite. This shows how much people are willing to go through massive destruction and transformation just to gain power.  In Edward Burtynsky’s film ( http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/eng/edward_burtynsky_on_manufactured_landscapes.html ) he talks about how man has really changed the landscape through mines, damns, oil sands, etc. and how we have become disconnected with the beautiful landscape to gain power. Burtynsky showed many pictures showing what humanity has developed of our landscape and he wanted people to develop a meaning to these pictures. It is amazing what we have created and some are even interesting sites to see. Burtynsky describes this as a “Forbidden Pleasure” because it is beautiful and amazing what humanity is capable of creating, but at the same time we have to realize what harmful effects we are creating in our environment to build these mines and damns. Much of the most fertile agricultural land was lost in building the Three Gorges Damn.

The picture on the top shows a neat landscape creation that catches peoples eyes, while the picture in the middle shows what waste is created from creating these landscapes. The bottom is a picture of the Three Gorges Damn.

Edward Burtynsky believes that we are all drawn to a good life. We all want a house and a car, but he also believes that there are boundaries. Recycling can already help reduce our footprint and new energy efficient technologies are continuously being developed. We just need to be more concerned over our ecological footprints and turn towards ways that reduce our footprints wherever possible that turn away from land destruction.

The need for energy and power ties in to the creation of oil and tar sands. The Alberta Oil Sands is one of the largest in the world next to Saudi Arabia. When I was reading about the Alberta Oil Sands on an Alberta government website they were saying that through responsible development and advancement of technology they could become the largest source of oil in the world (Government of Alberta, 2010 http://www.energy.alberta.ca/OurBusiness/oilsands.asp. ) Another example of humanity wanting power.

When thinking about the future that I would like to see for the Alberta Oil Sands Project I like to think in Edward Burtynsky’s view. Like Burtynsky I believe that we are all drawn to a good life and in that way I think the Alberta Oil Sands should continue supplying us with the energy we need. However, I also agree that we need to head towards more sustainable ideas and in that case I think the Oil Sands project could be reduced and replaced with alternate energies such as windmills. I think humanity should continue to head towards alternate energies that are safer to our environment. This includes setting up more plants that use wind power as a source of energy.

Over the last centuries there has been great changes to our environment and habitat from agriculture to urbanization. Physical changes to our habitat also effects the life within. For example, chemical changes in our atmosphere are causing the greenhouse effect which, is already influencing many changes in the polar regions such as buildings slumping from the melting permafrost and changing the migration patterns of some animals. Fragmentation and the roads being built through wildlife habitats are causing roadkill because the animals are reluctant to cross, which also causes barriers to movement and migration. Much of our land is being degraded from fragmentation, deforestation, agriculture, urbanization, climate change, etc. E.O. Wilson is fascinated by the Earth’s diversity of living organisms. He talks about how the degrading Earth will decrease the Earth’s biodiversity and the dangers we are in from loss of biodiversity (Follow this link to watch his video http://www.ted.com/talks/e_o_wilson_on_saving_life_on_earth.html ). He believes humanity needs to understand more about the importance of biodiversity and how we need all the organisms on the Earth. Every organism has a purpose as mentioned by Aldo Leopold (2009) in A Sand County Almanac, how the wolves control the deer population. We are constantly trying to wipe out all the insects because they tend to be pests for us, but without them we wouldn’t have much of our plants and food. Loss in biodiversity can include huge losses in potential sources of scientific information, much of environmental stability, new kinds of products, and spirituality.

We all impact wildlife either if it is indirect loss such as fragmentation and urbanization or direct loss such as hunting and fishing. Many national parks are set up to protect the wildlife from human impacts. Wapsuk is located by the coast of Hudson Bay and protects the polar bear by supplying one of the largest denning areas for the polar bear. However, national parks also causes more interaction between the humans and wild animals. I however, believe that national parks can meet its dual mandate of access and protection. Even though interaction often results as a bad thing for the animals I think the protection national parks can offer balances out to more of a benefit for the animals. The polar bear population has declined slightly and protection can be achieved in Wapsuk by having no hunting within this area, and signs up saying not to feed the bears which, will decrease the likelihood of the bears coming into the communities. Threats to the Canadian polar bears also includes the loss of habitat caused my mining, oil drilling, and other developments. Wapsuk national park offers a habitat for the bears that supplies them with their needs such as a home that includes ice and water (Parks Canada, 2010 http://www.pc.gc.ca/dci/src/3d_e.asp?what=more&sitename=wap&theme=sr&btn_state=HTML&more_lnk=no).

                    Location of Wapsuk National Park, Manitoba, Canada

Resources

Government of Alberta. (2010). Oil Sands. Retrieved February 18, 2010 from http:// www.energy.alberta.ca/OurBusiness/oilsands.asp

Flavin, C. & Dunn S. (2009). Reinventing the energy system. In T. Easton (Eds.) Environmental studies (3rd ed.) (pp. 70-75). New York, NY: The McGraw-Hill Companies.

Leopold, A. (2009). A sand county almanac. In T. Easton (Eds.) Environmental studies (3rd ed.) (pp. 10-12). New York, NY: The McGraw-Hill Companies.

Lovins, A.B. (2009). More profit with less carbon. In T. Easton (Eds.) Environmental studies (3rd ed.) (pp. 65-69). New York, NY: The McGraw-Hill Companies.

Parks Canada. (2010). The Wapsuk Polar Bear. Retrieved Feburary 23, 2010 from

http://www.pc.gc.ca/dci/src/3d_e.asp? what=more&sitename=wap&theme=sr&btn_state=HTML&more_lnk=no

Pinchot, G. (2010). Principles of conservation. In T. Easton (Eds.) Environmental studies (3rd ed.) (pp. 8-9). New York, NY: The McGraw-Hill Companies.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2009). Climate change 2007: The physical science basis. In T. Easton (Eds.) Environmental studies (3rd ed.) (pp. 127-135). New York, NY: The McGraw-Hill Companies.

Pamela Klassen, Student # 6852497

Blog 2

The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis

Since the world’s beginning, every form of life has a purpose here on Earth. All organisms are connected to each other fulfilling each others needs. This is known as the web of life. Rabbits keep the growth of unsightly bush in control over grasslands. However, the rabbits are also responsible for the destruction of crops and as a result many farmers introduced myxomatosis a disease that greatly reduced the amount of rabbits. Humans have affected the environment significantly from the past to the present. Current scientists do not know exactly how this man-induced change has started or when it occurred but, cutting down forests to create farmland and cities has been occurring for many centuries, continuously destroying and changing the Earth’s ecologies. Many earlier scientists studied the historical routes of our ecological crisis by understanding the nature of things. Soon scientists came up with the idea that scientific knowledge means technological power which, has been increasing over the years. With the increase in technological power there is also an increase in ecological destruction. In 1285 London had a smog problem from burning of soft coal, but today the combustion of fossil fuels has a threat on the whole atmosphere of the Earth. The level of science is more advanced than it has ever been in the past. However, we still cannot understand the present impact that humans and science has brought to the Earth without understanding man’s relation with nature in the past.

Human ecology is deeply affected by religion and peoples beliefs about nature. Christians, for example believe that everything is placed on the Earth for man’s use because man was made in God’s image. Christianity is known as an anthropocentric religion, meaning man is above nature. Up until the 18th century scientists based their studies on religion, now there was a new view and religion became unnecessary to many scientists. The colours of the rainbow, for example was discovered that it was formed by light reflecting by the rain instead of simply just a creation in Gods promise. Lynn White does not agree that we can avoid ecologic disasters by applying to our problems using science and technology rather than religion. She believes no ecologic problems will be solved until we reject the Christian view that man are superior to nature and look at all the creations of the Earth as “equal.” What we do to solve ecologic problems depends on man’s ideas of the man-nature relationship.

The Tragedy of the Commons

The freedom people have over the commons is becoming more of a problem as the human population expands above the Earth’s ecological capacity. Each man has set themselves up for increasing their needs. For example developing the belief they need more cattle to feed more people and gain more profit. Individually, people may not realize the impact they have on the Earth, but when all is added together there is a huge effect. As each man adds more cattle to their herd more and more natural resources are being used up. The same goes for using up the resources of the ocean. A larger population also leads to more pollution in our environment. For the matters of pleasure sound waves from radio and television are constantly being released into the environment. More fossil fuels are being burned for the increase need in energy. Lastly, the belief that people can freely throw away their waste into the commons polluting the environment.

Since there is no one owning the land, there is no one to manage it and therefore people are freely exploiting the resources. Humanity is showing no respect because the commons are nobody’s property. To avoid the tragedy of the commons Garret Hardin mentions we need to act out individually rather than a whole. Technology won’t help solve the Earth’s ecological problems until we realize the negative impacts each of us individually is causing. We need to realize what our over exploiting and dumping waste freely is costing the environment. Paying for parking decreases the amount of time spent shopping because of the amount it costs each person individually. This technique can be used to for the use of the commons. People will use less resources if there is an increase in cost and we realize what it is costing the environment. Solving the tragedy of commons individually also includes our freedom to breed and therefore increasing our population. The desire for children is believed to be heredity, but we can still set limits. We must resist the temptation to overpopulate because our Earth is limited.

Will Hurricane Katrina Impact Shoreline Management?

Many hurricanes have been destroying the coasts along the United States eastern border. 

Hurricane Katrina was one of many catastrophic events leading to many homeless people. Scientists working in the coastal community know that destruction from hurricanes has happened in the past and that it will happen again in the future. The impact of Hurricane Katrina has allowed the United States to rethink their national coastal security. Many communities are constantly being rebuilt only to be destroyed by another hurricane. Dauphin Island, for example is repeatedly hit by major storms and after the destruction of the bridge to the Island resulting from Hurricane Fredric in 1979 a new bridge was built costing $38 million. Many American’s that are not from these regions argue against paying taxes to replenish the susceptible areas of the eastern coast when it was just going to be destroyed all over again and they have no benefit. However, replenishment of the coast often occurs because of the coastal residents perseverance to stay within their community and we sympathize for the victims without any homes causing us to rebuild more homes in vulnerable regions.

Besides from the benefits from building new homes we need to take into consideration the problems resulting from beach replenishment. Pumping new sands destroys much of the shore ecosystem before it itself has time to replenish. Not to mention the high costs in the development of new beaches and buildings. Also the reconstructed beach may give the appearance that the area is safe from destruction giving false assumptions when it comes to large storms such as the Hurricane Katrina. Orrin Pilkey and Robert Young argue that it is time to cut federal ties with the most susceptible areas of the United States eastern coast. A national policy one that has a plan to follow after each storm needs to be developed.

Ecosystems and Human Well-being

Human well-being depends on the Earth’s ecosystem and resources for their needs and enjoyment. Construction of roads, ports, and cities and the expelling of pollutants has altered the Earth’s ecosystem. But the biggest changes in the ecosystem are caused by the rapid increase in human population demanding more of the Earth’s resources such as food, fresh water, timber, fiber, and fuel. Food production has increased by roughly two-and-half times, water use has doubled, and wood production has tripled. The worlds ecosystem is changing faster than ever before as human well-being advances. However, as the human well-being advances in one region other regions are not as beneficial. Overusing the Earth’s natural resources may cause harm in some regions, particularly the poorer areas. Many of the Earth’s resources are being degraded and used unsustainably resulting in a greater loss. These losses could end up being irreversible and is expected to get worse in the next 50 years. Humans are changing the world at a fast rate that could lead to irreversible changes. Already two thirds of the world is converted to agriculture. As well as the climate change has introduced new species to different areas and the number of species on Earth has been declining.

For many countries the change in ecosystems has come to an advantage. For example, agriculture has been the main producer for country development and has fed many people meeting the growing demands for food. However, changes in the ecosystem has many consequences including inequities, meaning the benefit of one region gaining resources may lead to another region’s loss of resources. To gain more knowledge and learn what to do in our actions leading towards a sustainable development and more towards equal use of resources, the regulation and management needs to be increased. This will help humanity become aware of the threats degradation is causing of our environment.

Methods to reduce environmental degradation has shown benefits and improvements such as technological advances. Using substitutes may also have some benefits toward the environment towards one area, but often it will cause degradation in another area of the environment. For example, heating by fossil fuels rather than fuelwood has a positive effect on the forest environment, but a negative effect when it adds greenhouse gas to our atmosphere. To decrease the amount of degradation occurring in our environment we also need to become aware of the indirect behaviors. Increased knowledge concerning ecosystem services can have a positive influence on our environment.

Reflection-Dependence on the Environment

Exploring the environment can involve photography, camping, and taking a walk in a park. It is what makes you feel connected to the environment. Personally, camping is what makes me feel connected to the environment. Every summer I spend a couple weekends camping out by Lake of the Woods, Ontario. The most enjoyable part of my trip is just watching the lake and hearing the loons. It makes me feel so carefree and connected to the world. Until these carefree moments many people don’t realize how much we actually rely on the environment. Every aspect of our lives is connected somehow to the environment. Transportation for example, we rely on the natural oil resources that is used for energy to get us to one place to another. What about the automobiles? Where did the materials come from?

As Andy Goldsworthy said from his video “I don’t think nature needs me, but I need it” (watch in http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3TWBSMc47bw ). What I think Goldsworthy is trying to say is we depend heavily on the environment for food, clothing, energy, etc. but, the ways are we affecting the environment aren’t necessary. Some ways we treat the environment has a negative impact on our environment. The increase need for energy resulting from the increase in the human population and affluent lifestyles causes an increase intake of oil from the environment. This leads to a negative feedback loop to our environment causing global warming and loss of trees.

Andy Goldsworthy is an artist who is greatly inspired by the environment. He uses nature to make his art and nothing else. This includes leaves, stones, snow, sticks, twigs etc. He uses nature to connect to the environment and uses his art to show our connection to nature. In his words he describes his art as “sensitive and alert to changes in material, season, and weather” (Morning Earth, 2009 http:www.morning-earth.org/ARTISTNATURALISTS/AN_Goldsworthy.html ). A Couple of his pictures that touched me were the following:

(photos from http://www.goldworthy.cc.gla.ac.uk )

In the first photo (snowball) I think Goldsworthy is showing the connection to the environment and change in weather such as the Greenhouse effect. He also had a note underneath this picture saying how hurt he was when a stranger walked by and kicked the snowball into the river (). This shows how many people don’t realize the changes that are occurring in our environment, which links to the second photograph. Here I think Goldworthy is trying to describe how unnoticed nature and our environment is to many people. This is shown by the man running straight past the leave design without stopping to admire it. Many people don’t realize the connections we have with our environment and how much we rely on it. Through these pictures it shows our lack of respect for the creator of our daily lives.

Since the 1980s our planet has been in overshoot, meaning the amount of resources humanity is using is above the Earth’s biocapacity. We are using the Earth’s natural resources faster than nature can regenerate these resources (World Wide Fund for Nature, 2008 http://www.panda.org/about_our_earth/all_publications/living_planet_report/footprint/ ).

(Graph from World Wide Fund for Nature, 2008 http://www.panda.org/about_our_earth/all_publications/living_planet_report/footprint/ )

As previously mentioned above, many people don’t realize how much we actually rely on the environment. Almost everything we use is somehow connected to the environment. We take for granted the things we use and forgotten where they originally came from. Affluent lifestyles continuously demands more resources and we keep taking them from the Earth without realizing the Earth’s limits in natural resources. But is deeper connection to nature likely going to influence our decisions? If everyone cared about our environment the way Emily Hunter (environmental journalist) does then yes I think a deeper connection to nature would have a huge positive Impact on our environment. A deeper connection to nature and the belief that we are deeply degrading our Earth would influence our resource use, waste generation, and values. Environment based values would influence us to make environmentally friendly decisions. I think if each person individually would cut down their energy use (this could include energy efficient light bulbs) or reused materials we could reduce our ecological footprint saving our environment one small decrease at a time. 

However, it would be near impossible for every person on this planet to develop a biocentric/ecocentric view. Everyone is different and has there own opinions contrasting one another. However, we all have one thing in common, we respect what is rightfully ours. In Garrett Hardin’s article “The Tragedy of the Commons” he talks about the freedom over the commons. This means there is no ownership over the resources meaning there is no management. When there is no management there is no respect and therefore humans freely exploit the resources taking more then they need. When human’s own land they treat it with respect. For example, not wanting to empty waste on their land. Hardin describes when there is ownership there is respect and what we pay for will gain most protection from the society (Hardin, 2009). Overall I think the world would be a better place if humanity’s view over the environment is placed somewhere between the anthropocentric and biocentric/ecocentric view. This is where I would lie when it comes to environmental ethics. I believe the Earth’s resources are placed on the Earth for humans to use, but I also think we need to remember the Earth has limits and can’t regenerate at the same rate we are exploiting them. Individually we can help reduce the Earth’s ecological footprint if we take from the Earth what we need, and nothing more.

Resources

Hardin, G., (2009). The tragedy of the Commons. In T. Easton (Eds.) Environmental studies (3rd ed.) (pp. 23-27). New York, NY: The McGraw-Hill Companies.

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005, (2009). Ecosystems and human well-being. In T. Easton (Eds.) Environmental studies (3rd ed.) (pp. 48-54). New York, NY: The McGraw- Hill Companies.

Morning Earth. (2009). Morning Earth, Andy Goldsworthy. Retrieved February 1,2010 from http:www.morning- earth.org/ARTISTNATURALISTS/AN_Goldsworthy.html

Pilkey, O.H. & Young, R.S., (2009). Will hurricane katrina impact shoreline management? In T. Easton (Eds.) Environmental studies (3rd ed.) (pp. 43-47). New York, NY: The McGraw-Hill Companies.

White, L., (2009) The historical roots of our ecological crisis. In T. Easton (Eds.) Environmental studies (3rd ed.) (pp. 18-22). New York, NY: The McGraw-Hill Companies.

World Wide Fund for Nature. (2009). Humanity’s Ecological Footprint. Retrieved February 3, 

2010, from http://www.panda.org/about_our_earth/all_publications/living_planet_report/

footprint/